Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS, we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS.

In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 ☌, we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Thus, in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO 2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective, moving from the global to molecular scales. However, despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity, CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. E-mail: b Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK c Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK d Chair of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany e Centre for Combustion, Carbon Capture & Storage, Cranfield University, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK f Red Vector Ltd., Barrow Upon Soar, Loughborough, Leics LE12 8JY, UK g Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK h Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, 10829 Berlin, Germany i Industria Mundum AG, Zürich, Switzerland j Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA k IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG), Pure Offices, Cheltenham Office Park, Hatherley Lane, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire GL51 6SH, UK l Qatar Carbonates and Carbon Storage Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK m Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK n US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA, USA o School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK p CSIRO Energy, Mayfield West, New South Wales 2304, Australia q Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA r Energy Policy Research Group, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK s Engineering & Public Policy and Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA t University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK u Laboratory of Molecular Simulation, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Valais Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland v Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia w The Peter Cook Centre for Carbon Capture and Storage, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia x Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USAĬarbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets, delivering low carbon heat and power, decarbonising industry and, more recently, its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO 2 from the atmosphere. * ab a Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 1NA, UK. Sci., 2018, 11, 1062-1176 Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward

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